Overview / Industries
Chemical & petrochemical
Low-carbon share of chemical & petrochemical energy, 2024
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Low-carbon share
< 10%
10–20
20–30
30–40
40–50
≥ 50%No sector data
European Union (27) — final energy use
528.9 TWh2024
Low-carbon share
22.5%
Fossil share
63.1%
Delivered as electricity
30.0%
European Union (27) — energy sources
2024
Show data table
| Source | TWh | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Hydro | 21.2 | 4.0% |
| Natural gas | 212.9 | 40.3% |
| Wind | 28.1 | 5.3% |
| Solar | 17.6 | 3.3% |
| Nuclear | 37.2 | 7.0% |
| Bioenergy & other renewables | 15.2 | 2.9% |
| Coal | 36.2 | 6.9% |
| Oil | 84.5 | 16.0% |
| Other (heat, waste) | 76.0 | 14.4% |
European Union (27) — over time
Show data table
| Year | Hydro | Natural gas | Wind | Solar | Nuclear | Bioenergy & other renewables | Coal | Oil | Other (heat, waste) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 21.2 | 212.9 | 28.1 | 17.6 | 37.2 | 15.2 | 36.2 | 84.5 | 76.0 |
| 2023 | 17.9 | 206.3 | 25.9 | 13.8 | 33.6 | 15.2 | 40.9 | 77.6 | 73.4 |
| 2022 | 15.6 | 212.8 | 23.9 | 11.9 | 34.5 | 16.6 | 52.4 | 84.9 | 81.5 |
| 2021 | 20.2 | 266.6 | 22.4 | 9.5 | 42.4 | 15.3 | 49.7 | 90.4 | 87.4 |
| 2020 | 20.6 | 259.1 | 23.6 | 8.6 | 40.5 | 14.8 | 48.8 | 91.2 | 89.3 |
| 2019 | 18.4 | 247.6 | 21.2 | 7.2 | 44.1 | 13.7 | 55.1 | 90.7 | 95.1 |
| 2018 | 19.8 | 247.8 | 18.4 | 6.6 | 43.8 | 13.0 | 65.8 | 94.2 | 93.3 |
| 2017 | 17.0 | 255.1 | 18.0 | 6.2 | 43.9 | 13.3 | 73.3 | 90.2 | 92.5 |
| 2016 | 19.8 | 244.6 | 15.3 | 5.8 | 44.0 | 13.8 | 72.4 | 94.1 | 95.5 |
| 2015 | 19.2 | 232.6 | 15.1 | 5.7 | 45.1 | 12.7 | 76.9 | 95.9 | 91.3 |
| 2014 | 21.5 | 235.4 | 12.9 | 5.4 | 47.1 | 12.1 | 73.5 | 99.2 | 94.5 |
| 2013 | 20.6 | 248.6 | 11.7 | 4.7 | 45.1 | 11.4 | 74.3 | 97.6 | 101.1 |
| 2012 | 18.5 | 254.2 | 10.5 | 3.9 | 45.3 | 10.4 | 72.1 | 102.8 | 97.5 |
| 2011 | 17.2 | 253.1 | 9.2 | 2.7 | 46.8 | 11.6 | 71.8 | 102.5 | 97.7 |
| 2010 | 21.7 | 217.9 | 8.2 | 1.4 | 49.8 | 11.4 | 72.6 | 103.3 | 84.9 |
| 2009 | 18.6 | 206.6 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 46.6 | 8.5 | 70.9 | 101.7 | 86.0 |
| 2008 | 19.8 | 241.4 | 6.9 | 0.5 | 53.9 | 9.2 | 80.3 | 101.5 | 88.7 |
| 2007 | 18.9 | 241.8 | 6.1 | 0.2 | 53.5 | 9.0 | 78.3 | 115.3 | 92.6 |
| 2006 | 19.2 | 227.3 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 56.6 | 7.0 | 80.1 | 103.8 | 88.9 |
| 2005 | 19.2 | 248.7 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 57.2 | 7.0 | 81.4 | 104.1 | 85.2 |
Country comparison, 2024
Sorted by low-carbon share. Electricity attributed to each country's generation mix.
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Show data table
| Country | Hydro | Natural gas | Wind | Solar | Nuclear | Bioenergy & other renewables | Coal | Oil | Other (heat, waste) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iceland | 70.7% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 29.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Luxembourg | 6.1% | 13.5% | 25.6% | 20.0% | 0.0% | 24.5% | 0.0% | 10.1% | 0.2% |
| Sweden | 23.6% | 8.5% | 14.8% | 1.5% | 18.5% | 3.8% | 1.8% | 7.7% | 19.7% |
| Norway | 39.2% | 5.3% | 4.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 8.3% | 18.7% | 22.2% | 2.0% |
| Portugal | 17.4% | 43.9% | 16.8% | 8.3% | 0.0% | 6.7% | 0.0% | 2.7% | 4.2% |
| Montenegro | 6.2% | 0.0% | 1.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 41.0% | 5.0% | 46.6% | 0.0% |
| Denmark | 0.0% | 34.5% | 26.8% | 5.0% | 0.0% | 12.8% | 2.3% | 7.7% | 10.9% |
| Austria | 22.9% | 45.0% | 4.6% | 4.1% | 0.0% | 9.3% | 0.5% | 2.2% | 11.4% |
| Slovenia | 12.5% | 28.3% | 0.0% | 3.0% | 13.7% | 10.8% | 8.2% | 3.0% | 20.6% |
| Latvia | 17.7% | 30.9% | 1.5% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 15.6% | 0.0% | 26.1% | 5.2% |
| Albania | 32.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 66.2% | 0.0% |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 27.4% | 11.7% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 46.1% | 10.7% | 0.0% |
| France | 3.8% | 45.4% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 20.2% | 3.4% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 17.2% |
| North Macedonia | 16.9% | 33.7% | 2.1% | 11.0% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 29.2% | 6.3% | 0.0% |
| Finland | 5.1% | 10.2% | 7.4% | 0.3% | 11.7% | 5.0% | 0.3% | 34.0% | 26.0% |
| Hungary | 0.2% | 28.2% | 0.6% | 7.6% | 13.2% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 24.2% | 22.0% |
| Belgium | 0.2% | 44.1% | 5.5% | 3.4% | 12.3% | 1.6% | 0.2% | 27.6% | 5.0% |
| Germany | 1.8% | 44.4% | 10.5% | 5.5% | 0.0% | 4.8% | 10.8% | 1.6% | 20.7% |
| Croatia | 13.4% | 68.1% | 5.3% | 1.6% | 0.0% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 3.0% | 4.9% |
| Italy | 8.0% | 45.4% | 3.4% | 5.4% | 0.0% | 4.1% | 0.6% | 21.7% | 11.4% |
| Lithuania | 1.2% | 36.6% | 9.0% | 3.7% | 0.0% | 6.7% | 0.0% | 3.0% | 39.8% |
| Estonia | 0.2% | 13.9% | 5.9% | 6.0% | 0.0% | 7.5% | 0.0% | 15.4% | 51.2% |
| Spain | 3.0% | 76.5% | 5.4% | 5.0% | 4.7% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 0.0% |
| Georgia | 17.9% | 81.9% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Ireland | 1.0% | 75.8% | 14.4% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 5.4% | 0.0% |
| Slovakia | 3.3% | 29.3% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 12.4% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 48.4% | 4.3% |
| Romania | 6.8% | 26.9% | 3.1% | 1.6% | 5.2% | 0.6% | 3.4% | 48.0% | 4.2% |
| Bulgaria | 1.2% | 19.5% | 0.6% | 2.3% | 6.5% | 6.4% | 28.5% | 28.6% | 6.5% |
| Cyprus | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 13.3% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 0.0% | 83.9% | 0.0% |
| Czechia | 1.0% | 25.9% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 11.1% | 2.3% | 34.4% | 9.2% | 14.6% |
| Serbia | 9.1% | 29.8% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 2.7% | 21.5% | 17.4% | 18.2% |
| Malta | 0.0% | 66.7% | 0.0% | 12.0% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 21.0% | 0.0% |
| Türkiye | 5.4% | 58.5% | 2.7% | 1.9% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 29.1% | 0.6% | 0.4% |
| Greece | 1.1% | 76.4% | 3.9% | 3.5% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 13.7% | 0.0% |
| Poland | 0.3% | 21.2% | 3.9% | 2.7% | 0.0% | 1.5% | 44.1% | 14.9% | 11.4% |
| Netherlands | 0.0% | 29.6% | 4.1% | 2.7% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 44.9% | 16.3% |
| Kosovo | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 3.3% | 15.7% | 79.6% | 0.0% |
| Moldova | 1.6% | 44.0% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 50.9% |
Method. Eurostat reports what each sector consumes by carrier (gas, oil, electricity, heat…). Electricity is split across the country's generation sources for the same year (OWID / Ember), which is how wind, solar, hydro and nuclear appear here. Derived heat and non-renewable waste are shown as "Other".