Overview / Industries
Paper, pulp & printing
Low-carbon share of paper, pulp & printing energy, 2024
Click a highlighted country to filter. Grey countries are not covered by Eurostat.
Low-carbon share
< 10%
10–20
20–30
30–40
40–50
≥ 50%No sector data
European Union (27) — final energy use
293.7 TWh2024
Low-carbon share
57.2%
Fossil share
35.9%
Delivered as electricity
30.2%
European Union (27) — energy sources
2024
Show data table
| Source | TWh | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Hydro | 11.8 | 4.0% |
| Natural gas | 83.0 | 28.3% |
| Wind | 15.7 | 5.4% |
| Solar | 9.8 | 3.3% |
| Nuclear | 20.8 | 7.1% |
| Bioenergy & other renewables | 109.7 | 37.4% |
| Coal | 12.5 | 4.3% |
| Oil | 10.0 | 3.4% |
| Other (heat, waste) | 20.3 | 6.9% |
European Union (27) — over time
Show data table
| Year | Hydro | Natural gas | Wind | Solar | Nuclear | Bioenergy & other renewables | Coal | Oil | Other (heat, waste) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 11.8 | 83.0 | 15.7 | 9.8 | 20.8 | 109.7 | 12.5 | 10.0 | 20.3 |
| 2023 | 10.5 | 81.5 | 15.2 | 8.1 | 19.6 | 158.3 | 14.5 | 11.9 | 21.3 |
| 2022 | 7.6 | 90.5 | 11.7 | 5.8 | 16.8 | 153.6 | 19.0 | 12.7 | 22.7 |
| 2021 | 12.0 | 105.8 | 13.4 | 5.6 | 25.3 | 157.6 | 22.5 | 11.8 | 22.3 |
| 2020 | 12.3 | 90.9 | 14.2 | 5.1 | 24.3 | 161.7 | 20.7 | 10.5 | 27.7 |
| 2019 | 11.5 | 93.6 | 13.2 | 4.5 | 27.6 | 164.2 | 25.9 | 11.3 | 28.5 |
| 2018 | 12.4 | 90.2 | 11.6 | 4.1 | 27.6 | 158.7 | 32.1 | 12.3 | 29.1 |
| 2017 | 10.7 | 94.5 | 11.4 | 3.9 | 27.7 | 155.4 | 34.4 | 12.4 | 30.6 |
| 2016 | 12.7 | 90.6 | 9.8 | 3.7 | 28.2 | 151.0 | 36.0 | 13.0 | 31.4 |
| 2015 | 12.5 | 88.6 | 9.8 | 3.7 | 29.3 | 146.6 | 38.1 | 12.9 | 32.0 |
| 2014 | 11.5 | 88.6 | 6.9 | 2.9 | 25.2 | 141.0 | 33.2 | 11.7 | 31.2 |
| 2013 | 14.2 | 94.5 | 8.1 | 3.2 | 31.1 | 141.0 | 39.9 | 14.1 | 31.1 |
| 2012 | 12.9 | 95.3 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 31.6 | 137.6 | 40.6 | 16.0 | 33.3 |
| 2011 | 12.1 | 97.9 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 33.1 | 139.9 | 40.6 | 17.7 | 30.1 |
| 2010 | 14.6 | 105.8 | 5.5 | 0.9 | 33.5 | 139.9 | 39.9 | 19.0 | 24.2 |
| 2009 | 13.2 | 99.2 | 5.0 | 0.6 | 33.1 | 129.2 | 41.0 | 20.4 | 22.3 |
| 2008 | 13.8 | 108.0 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 37.5 | 132.2 | 44.9 | 26.0 | 26.1 |
| 2007 | 14.0 | 113.5 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 39.7 | 140.4 | 51.2 | 27.8 | 27.9 |
| 2006 | 14.1 | 110.5 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 41.5 | 135.7 | 52.3 | 30.0 | 20.2 |
| 2005 | 13.9 | 113.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 41.4 | 124.9 | 52.3 | 30.2 | 19.1 |
Country comparison, 2024
Sorted by low-carbon share. Electricity attributed to each country's generation mix.
Click a bar to drill down.
Show data table
| Country | Hydro | Natural gas | Wind | Solar | Nuclear | Bioenergy & other renewables | Coal | Oil | Other (heat, waste) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iceland | 70.7% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 29.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Norway | 63.8% | 3.9% | 6.7% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 20.5% | 0.0% | 2.6% | 2.3% |
| Finland | 4.0% | 4.6% | 5.8% | 0.3% | 9.2% | 67.3% | 1.1% | 2.5% | 5.3% |
| Sweden | 31.7% | 0.6% | 19.9% | 2.0% | 24.9% | 7.8% | 0.0% | 9.0% | 4.2% |
| Slovakia | 3.5% | 10.4% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 13.2% | 68.7% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 2.8% |
| Portugal | 5.8% | 12.3% | 5.6% | 2.8% | 0.0% | 69.3% | 0.0% | 2.4% | 1.9% |
| Bulgaria | 1.0% | 14.4% | 0.5% | 2.0% | 5.8% | 71.5% | 4.0% | 0.4% | 0.3% |
| Lithuania | 2.2% | 24.3% | 17.1% | 7.0% | 0.0% | 45.2% | 0.0% | 2.0% | 2.3% |
| Austria | 12.7% | 24.3% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 0.0% | 53.7% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.9% |
| Czechia | 1.0% | 12.5% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 11.0% | 55.7% | 12.5% | 1.2% | 4.5% |
| Estonia | 0.1% | 14.4% | 5.1% | 5.2% | 0.0% | 58.1% | 0.0% | 15.0% | 2.1% |
| Belgium | 0.2% | 24.9% | 4.3% | 2.6% | 9.5% | 49.9% | 1.7% | 2.9% | 4.0% |
| Luxembourg | 4.6% | 39.5% | 19.1% | 15.0% | 0.0% | 18.3% | 0.0% | 3.5% | 0.0% |
| France | 2.9% | 27.8% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 15.4% | 34.4% | 0.0% | 2.3% | 14.3% |
| Spain | 3.2% | 41.5% | 5.8% | 5.4% | 5.0% | 33.3% | 0.2% | 3.6% | 2.0% |
| Poland | 0.3% | 18.6% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 0.0% | 44.3% | 21.8% | 2.8% | 5.2% |
| Albania | 49.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 2.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 48.8% | 0.0% |
| Denmark | 0.0% | 31.9% | 21.3% | 3.9% | 0.0% | 20.3% | 1.8% | 15.7% | 5.0% |
| Latvia | 20.6% | 46.3% | 1.8% | 3.5% | 0.0% | 11.9% | 0.0% | 14.3% | 1.6% |
| Hungary | 0.2% | 27.6% | 0.6% | 7.4% | 12.9% | 14.9% | 9.7% | 1.4% | 25.4% |
| Germany | 1.5% | 40.5% | 8.8% | 4.6% | 0.0% | 18.5% | 9.0% | 1.8% | 15.2% |
| Georgia | 31.1% | 68.5% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Montenegro | 24.8% | 0.0% | 3.8% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 20.0% | 50.5% | 0.0% |
| Slovenia | 11.0% | 60.5% | 0.0% | 2.6% | 12.0% | 3.4% | 9.1% | 1.3% | 0.1% |
| Croatia | 15.7% | 67.4% | 6.2% | 1.9% | 0.0% | 4.5% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 0.4% |
| Ireland | 1.4% | 62.8% | 21.1% | 2.0% | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 9.3% | 0.0% |
| Greece | 2.9% | 51.0% | 10.2% | 9.1% | 0.0% | 4.3% | 2.7% | 19.7% | 0.0% |
| North Macedonia | 13.3% | 29.8% | 1.7% | 8.7% | 0.0% | 2.5% | 22.9% | 21.1% | 0.0% |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 22.7% | 0.1% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 38.6% | 35.2% | 0.0% |
| Romania | 9.2% | 52.5% | 4.2% | 2.2% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 4.6% | 0.3% | 17.3% |
| Netherlands | 0.0% | 73.3% | 9.8% | 6.4% | 1.0% | 4.1% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.6% |
| Türkiye | 9.6% | 23.4% | 4.7% | 3.3% | 0.0% | 2.4% | 55.4% | 0.6% | 0.5% |
| Italy | 6.1% | 73.1% | 2.6% | 4.1% | 0.0% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 8.3% | 2.4% |
| Cyprus | 0.0% | 0.0% | 2.2% | 11.4% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 85.8% | 0.0% |
| Malta | 0.0% | 75.1% | 0.0% | 13.5% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 11.0% | 0.0% |
| Serbia | 8.9% | 33.6% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 23.3% | 1.3% | 30.5% |
| Kosovo | 3.1% | 0.0% | 5.3% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 91.3% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
| Moldova | 3.2% | 72.2% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 3.2% | 17.8% |
Method. Eurostat reports what each sector consumes by carrier (gas, oil, electricity, heat…). Electricity is split across the country's generation sources for the same year (OWID / Ember), which is how wind, solar, hydro and nuclear appear here. Derived heat and non-renewable waste are shown as "Other".