Overview / Industries
Commercial & public services
Low-carbon share of commercial & public services energy, 2024
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Low-carbon share
< 10%
10–20
20–30
30–40
40–50
≥ 50%No sector data
European Union (27) — final energy use
1,380.7 TWh2024
Low-carbon share
45.9%
Fossil share
46.1%
Delivered as electricity
52.0%
European Union (27) — energy sources
2024
Show data table
| Source | TWh | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Hydro | 95.7 | 6.9% |
| Natural gas | 462.2 | 33.5% |
| Wind | 127.2 | 9.2% |
| Solar | 83.1 | 6.0% |
| Nuclear | 168.2 | 12.2% |
| Bioenergy & other renewables | 159.2 | 11.5% |
| Coal | 73.9 | 5.4% |
| Oil | 100.6 | 7.3% |
| Other (heat, waste) | 110.7 | 8.0% |
European Union (27) — over time
Show data table
| Year | Hydro | Natural gas | Wind | Solar | Nuclear | Bioenergy & other renewables | Coal | Oil | Other (heat, waste) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 95.7 | 462.2 | 127.2 | 83.1 | 168.2 | 159.2 | 73.9 | 100.6 | 110.7 |
| 2023 | 85.8 | 467.6 | 124.1 | 69.5 | 160.9 | 154.5 | 87.4 | 99.9 | 107.5 |
| 2022 | 71.0 | 505.3 | 108.5 | 57.6 | 156.7 | 152.6 | 120.6 | 111.2 | 110.9 |
| 2021 | 87.0 | 566.6 | 96.7 | 44.3 | 182.9 | 150.3 | 114.2 | 137.6 | 117.6 |
| 2020 | 85.4 | 540.8 | 97.9 | 39.3 | 168.1 | 144.3 | 94.3 | 121.6 | 101.8 |
| 2019 | 80.9 | 564.2 | 92.8 | 34.9 | 193.3 | 144.3 | 122.3 | 136.3 | 108.8 |
| 2018 | 87.5 | 564.9 | 81.6 | 32.5 | 193.9 | 141.5 | 161.2 | 143.7 | 110.1 |
| 2017 | 74.6 | 555.0 | 79.2 | 30.3 | 192.5 | 137.0 | 172.3 | 189.1 | 109.9 |
| 2016 | 88.4 | 542.9 | 68.3 | 28.8 | 196.4 | 99.4 | 179.1 | 190.3 | 105.3 |
| 2015 | 85.8 | 518.9 | 67.2 | 28.7 | 200.9 | 95.4 | 192.4 | 191.3 | 100.6 |
| 2014 | 92.6 | 478.4 | 55.7 | 26.4 | 203.3 | 89.4 | 184.5 | 189.5 | 101.6 |
| 2013 | 92.9 | 553.0 | 52.9 | 24.0 | 203.6 | 86.6 | 197.3 | 206.9 | 107.8 |
| 2012 | 83.8 | 546.1 | 47.4 | 20.6 | 205.2 | 81.9 | 201.2 | 204.6 | 117.8 |
| 2011 | 76.6 | 545.0 | 41.2 | 14.5 | 208.7 | 72.8 | 196.8 | 206.2 | 114.5 |
| 2010 | 93.9 | 617.5 | 35.3 | 8.2 | 215.7 | 77.3 | 195.4 | 244.5 | 139.9 |
| 2009 | 85.0 | 588.7 | 32.2 | 5.3 | 213.1 | 68.9 | 200.9 | 247.8 | 120.3 |
| 2008 | 79.0 | 584.4 | 27.5 | 3.5 | 214.6 | 62.2 | 200.5 | 269.3 | 119.4 |
| 2007 | 72.6 | 544.8 | 23.6 | 2.3 | 205.7 | 54.3 | 211.4 | 243.1 | 110.9 |
| 2006 | 72.4 | 582.1 | 18.4 | 1.8 | 213.5 | 49.2 | 207.2 | 292.1 | 110.0 |
| 2005 | 69.1 | 542.0 | 15.3 | 1.5 | 206.0 | 44.5 | 195.5 | 302.3 | 112.2 |
Country comparison, 2024
Sorted by low-carbon share. Electricity attributed to each country's generation mix.
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Show data table
| Country | Hydro | Natural gas | Wind | Solar | Nuclear | Bioenergy & other renewables | Coal | Oil | Other (heat, waste) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | 60.0% | 0.9% | 6.3% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 10.9% | 0.0% | 10.5% | 11.3% |
| Albania | 60.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 4.3% | 0.0% | 10.5% | 0.9% | 23.4% | 0.0% |
| Portugal | 19.3% | 16.8% | 18.6% | 11.1% | 0.0% | 26.7% | 0.0% | 7.0% | 0.5% |
| Sweden | 23.9% | 2.0% | 15.0% | 1.5% | 18.8% | 5.1% | 0.0% | 4.6% | 29.2% |
| Bulgaria | 4.1% | 9.4% | 2.1% | 9.5% | 23.0% | 25.2% | 12.9% | 3.0% | 10.9% |
| France | 7.4% | 27.9% | 4.7% | 2.7% | 39.7% | 5.9% | 0.3% | 5.8% | 5.6% |
| Montenegro | 40.6% | 0.0% | 6.2% | 2.1% | 0.0% | 9.6% | 33.9% | 7.7% | 0.0% |
| Spain | 7.2% | 30.3% | 13.1% | 12.7% | 11.5% | 11.9% | 0.5% | 12.6% | 0.3% |
| Greece | 4.1% | 30.7% | 14.5% | 13.6% | 0.0% | 22.7% | 3.8% | 10.5% | 0.0% |
| Finland | 8.7% | 0.9% | 12.5% | 0.6% | 19.9% | 13.1% | 0.6% | 9.4% | 34.3% |
| Slovenia | 18.2% | 13.6% | 0.0% | 4.3% | 19.9% | 10.8% | 12.0% | 11.9% | 9.1% |
| Croatia | 28.7% | 35.4% | 11.4% | 4.1% | 0.0% | 5.9% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 7.1% |
| Austria | 24.3% | 20.0% | 4.9% | 6.9% | 0.0% | 13.9% | 0.0% | 6.4% | 23.6% |
| Lithuania | 3.0% | 19.8% | 22.9% | 9.4% | 0.0% | 13.9% | 1.3% | 2.7% | 27.1% |
| Georgia | 45.9% | 51.4% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 1.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Denmark | 0.0% | 8.4% | 25.5% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 14.5% | 2.2% | 3.9% | 40.6% |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 21.5% | 6.9% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 0.0% | 19.2% | 39.9% | 2.8% | 6.6% |
| Latvia | 21.8% | 30.2% | 1.9% | 3.7% | 0.0% | 12.7% | 0.4% | 8.8% | 20.6% |
| Slovakia | 6.7% | 44.0% | 0.0% | 1.0% | 25.5% | 5.5% | 3.8% | 1.5% | 11.8% |
| North Macedonia | 11.2% | 13.8% | 1.4% | 7.5% | 0.0% | 18.1% | 19.4% | 23.0% | 5.5% |
| Belgium | 0.3% | 45.7% | 8.4% | 5.1% | 18.7% | 5.3% | 0.0% | 13.5% | 2.9% |
| Italy | 9.6% | 55.0% | 4.0% | 6.8% | 0.0% | 17.3% | 0.7% | 4.8% | 1.7% |
| Hungary | 0.3% | 50.4% | 0.8% | 10.3% | 17.9% | 7.5% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 7.8% |
| Germany | 2.1% | 40.2% | 12.5% | 6.6% | 0.0% | 14.5% | 9.4% | 8.3% | 6.4% |
| Ireland | 1.7% | 50.9% | 26.3% | 2.5% | 0.0% | 5.2% | 1.4% | 12.0% | 0.0% |
| Netherlands | 0.0% | 50.6% | 14.6% | 9.6% | 1.6% | 9.7% | 3.4% | 6.7% | 3.7% |
| Estonia | 0.2% | 9.5% | 7.2% | 7.4% | 0.0% | 20.7% | 0.0% | 20.8% | 34.2% |
| Romania | 12.3% | 47.3% | 5.6% | 3.0% | 9.5% | 4.7% | 6.2% | 4.4% | 7.1% |
| Cyprus | 0.0% | 0.0% | 2.7% | 16.6% | 0.0% | 15.3% | 0.0% | 65.4% | 0.0% |
| Luxembourg | 2.5% | 24.6% | 10.4% | 8.1% | 0.0% | 10.1% | 0.0% | 19.1% | 25.3% |
| Czechia | 1.6% | 35.8% | 0.4% | 2.4% | 18.3% | 7.0% | 16.7% | 1.3% | 16.5% |
| Türkiye | 12.2% | 45.6% | 6.0% | 4.2% | 0.0% | 6.8% | 22.4% | 2.9% | 0.0% |
| Iceland | 18.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 8.6% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 73.0% |
| Poland | 0.7% | 25.0% | 8.4% | 5.8% | 0.0% | 6.2% | 33.5% | 6.8% | 13.5% |
| Serbia | 14.8% | 31.3% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 3.3% | 34.3% | 3.6% | 10.6% |
| Malta | 0.0% | 65.6% | 0.0% | 11.8% | 0.0% | 8.3% | 0.0% | 14.4% | 0.0% |
| Kosovo | 1.8% | 0.0% | 3.2% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 6.0% | 57.2% | 28.5% | 3.0% |
| Moldova | 2.7% | 70.1% | 1.8% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 3.9% | 5.3% | 2.4% | 12.9% |
Method. Eurostat reports what each sector consumes by carrier (gas, oil, electricity, heat…). Electricity is split across the country's generation sources for the same year (OWID / Ember), which is how wind, solar, hydro and nuclear appear here. Derived heat and non-renewable waste are shown as "Other".